Saturday, August 6, 2016

02 Fabric and Vinyl


What is Fabric?


Fabric has been around the field of decorating for a long time. It is also not a surprise that it has been used on wall finishes. The ability to keep a room warm, minimize the noise, beautify its surroundings, and its rich material does not compare to other material finishes. But just because this is so, choosing the material needs proper research and thorough decision-making as there are textiles that are not suitable for wall covering. And most importantly, it is highly advised not to use fabric wall coverings on areas where wear resistant is a concern. But nonetheless, having a fabric as wall covering is a luxury due to its cost.

Fabric walls could make a luxurious-like interior, although leathers may create an attractive surface, they are not highly preferred as wall cover due to its difficulty involved in cleaning, unlike natural fabricsNatural fabrics are made of natural supplements and can be expensive to purchase. However, as its name suggests natural fabric is more durable, soft, luxurious and resilient. Some of the common used natural fibres used to make fabric are linen, cotton, silk, hemp, jute, wool, horsehair, cashmere, mohair and camelhair. Artificial fibers are obtained from different engineered processes or alterations of existing natural fibers. The market of artificial fibers has widened due to modern techniques. Some of the popular artificial fibers used to create fabrics are acetate, rayon, triacetate and modified rayon. Synthetic fiber is again man-made fiber that is used to improve the quality of natural and artificial fibers. Fabrics are highly susceptible to mold, mildew and other odor causing bacteria so it needs proper cleaning maintenance. Standard fabric wall coverings may be vacuumed to remove dust, water should not be used on fabrics because it may cause the fabric to shrink and split- spots. To remove the stains, only chemicals recommended by the manufacturer. Some cleaning solutions may adversely affect the fire-resistant characteristics of the fabric.





https://www.illinois-criminaldefense.com/luxury-living-rooms/
http://www.aliexpress.com/store/product/Hot-selling-qiangbu-flash-flower-reflective-ktv-wallpaper-wall-covering/1091461_32450109859.html


http://www.aliexpress.com/item/NEW-2014-Luxury-Modern-Victorian-Damask-Flocked-Velvet-Textured-Wallpaper-Roll-Wall-paper-Home-10m/1856691132.html


Kinds of Fabric

1. Backed Fabric- Most textiles must be back coated to be installed as wall covering to provide a barrier to prevent adhesive from bleeding through and ruining the finish face of the fabric. Backings also provide the dimensional stability required for a textile to withstand the stretching and smoothing operations of installation.

a. Paper-backed Fabrics- process involves laminating paper to the reverse side of the textile. This process stiffens the textile for easier installation and helps hide defects in the wall.
b. Latex-coated Fabrics- process involves stratching the textile in a frame and applying latex compound

2. Unbacked Fabric- these are pre-treated to make them suitable for sticking to the wall. It is one of the most difficult materials because you have to work carefully to smooth out the fabric as you apply it to the wall.






What is Vinyl?



Vinyl flooring is a new type of resilient flooring in the market. Resilient folooring is simple artificial composite floors such as rubber, plastic, PVC, linoleum and the latest addition, Vinyl. They are produced massively in many parts of the world especially North America. Such synthetic flooring, which has been around for more than a century, act as a cost efficient substitute to natural floors such as wood, concrete, ceramic and marble. Resilient floors also reduce impact of heavy objects by creating a cushion effect; hence therefore reduce “slipping” accidents. However, as we approach into today’s era, people are getting more and more self-conscious about living longer and living healthily. People begin thinking about their children’s well being. Hence, they want to choose the best and ‘healthy’ flooring for their homes.

Vinyl flooring comes in either tile or sheet form. One of the least expensive forms of flooring, vinyl is very popular among homeowners. It provides a slightly softer surface than options like tile or wood, because the product is backed with a thin layer of either felt or foam—depending on the manufacturer. Vinyl tiles are available in a huge assortment of colors and styles, with some designs even mimicking the look of stone tiles or wood planks. It is also extremely durable depending on the quality of installation. Vinyl flooring is very resistant to dirt and water, and it’s one of the few flooring types that can be installed directly over the subfloor—or over a previous vinyl or linoleum installation—without requiring demolition first. It requires no maintenance after installation and it only needs to be swept and mopped to keep it clean.

There are two types of vinyl flooring: Sheet Vinyl and Vinyl Tile.

Sheet Vinyl has few joints which makes it ideal to use for interiors that are prone to moisture and bacteria. It is also possible to form a continuous pattern on sheet vinyl. Sheet Vinyl can also be used on monolithic walls which makes it easier to maintain. Like other materials, the cost also varies depending on the quality of the vinyl. It also comes in a wide variety of patterns, colors, and even textures.

Vinyl Tile is easier to install compared to Sheet Vinyl and it also is simple to remove damaged vinyl tiles. Resilient flooring like Vinyl Composition Tile or VCT is common and it is mostly made up of fillers with little portions of binder and pigments. VCT is hard but it is prone to breakage due to its composition.



https://www.paris-sete.com/blogs/news/32-grey-floor-design-ideas-that-fit-any-room
http://www.evcilhobi.com/lowes-hardwood-flooring-ideas/how-to-library-flooring-installation-730-x-200-3

When determining the right vinyl look for a room, there are two main choices: Inlaid and Printed
  • Inlaid vinyl refers to when color granules are imbedded into the vinyl sheet.  This gives the vinyl a deeper look, and provides the option for many colors. When examined closely, specks of varying shades can be seen, which create the overall hue.  


  • Printed vinyl is exactly as it sounds; a pattern or color is printed directly onto the vinyl.  This type of vinyl flooring is what makes it such a popular choice for homes.  Because of the nature of printed vinyl, it can be made to look like other, more expensive, floorings.  Homeowners can achieve the look of hardwood or marble flooring, even if it isn’t in their budget.  As far as colors and patterns available, the options are practically endless
Like most floorings, vinyl can come in different sizes and shapes to better fit the look of the room.  Flooring can be made into sheets, tiles, or planks. 
  • Sheet – Sheets are ideal for moisture prone areas, like bathrooms or mudrooms.  Sheets are expansive, usually 6 or 12 feet, which makes it nearly seamless when installed.
  • Tile – Tiles are great when vinyl is made to look like marble or other classically tiled flooring.  It can be relatively easy to install and creates a cohesive look in a new room. 


  • Plank – Planks are ideal for vinyl flooring that is made to look like hardwood, as it imitates how wood flooring is cut.

MEMBER'S CONTRIBUTION:

Bulanon, A- Fabric Information 
Casas, C.- Vinyl Information, Created the Article
Delos Reyes, M- Fabric Information
Kabahar, T- Vinyl Information, Edited the Article
Lucmayon, A- Vinyl Information
Silao, D- Fabric Information


Friday, July 8, 2016

APPLICATION OF NON-FERROUS MATERIALS TO INTEROR DESIGN AND ARCHITECTURE

ALUMINUM


                Aluminum is the most plentiful type of metal on earth. While it can conduct electricity, it doesn’t do it as well as copper.  It is lightweight and tough at the same time. Due to innovation, aluminum has become easy to produce thus making it cheaper than it was before.   Aluminum has different uses in interior design and architecture. Despite it being lightweight, it is still a strong, flexible, and very easy to handle metal. It is widely used in kitchens as an accent, in doors, trims, and wall panels.  
                There are a lot of advantages of Aluminum. It withstands different climates, easy to preserve, comes in a variety of colors, rust, water and fire resistant, lasts for a long time, and insect proof. However, it also has a lot of disadvantages like it has a tendency to dent, it is naturally noisy, and limiting in the sense where it is less workable than work and design options can’t be as limitless.

COPPER

                Copper isn’t something new in interior design. It has been used years before and is still being used now. Compared to aluminum, copper can be used in more interior design styles from traditional to contemporary. It is cool to the touch despite its warm appearance. Scientifically, copper has been proven to rid of harmful bacteria. It is mostly used in kitchen and bathrooms. It doesn’t matter how you use copper, whether just as an accent or as a defining element, any room can make benefit from the ageless beauty and practical use of copper.



BRASS

                In the 70’s brass have been used extensively in interior design. Together with its other counterparts, which are copper and bronze, brass is coming back to the limelight. Whether it’s polished or unpolished, it is has the effect of making an interior luxurious as well as looking industrial. Despite it looking luxurious, it is actually affordable. It is usually used in modern designs with a monochromatic color scheme and also looks good when mixed with natural materials.




SILVER

                Gone are the days when silver and gold aren’t supposed to be used altogether. These days, silver and gold have been used together and interior design. Just a little bit of mixing and matching makes them able to work together. Actually, like brass, silver has been around for many years and has been used in traditional settings. Back then, silver was quite expensive but thanks to technology, producing silver has become easy and that’s why it’s become cheaper. Just a little bit of mixing and matching makes them able to work together. Silver adds a different glow to a space. It is used in furniture, lighting fixtures, and accessories.



LEAD

                Lead is actually a toxic metal and was used before on a wide variety of products. It can cause serious health complications both to adults and children. Before, lead was used in paint but now, it has been banned since it causes health problems. Lead is a predominantly grey with blue and white metal. When newly cut, lead will look shiny but when exposed to air, it oxidizes and the shine will fade. It is soft, flexible, and adaptable that’s why it is easy to use and form into different shapes and sizes. Lead is used to add weight to the base of curtains, tables, and lighting fixtures due to its denseness.



MAGNESIUM




                Magnesium is a lightweight metal and is used in products that need to be light like in cars and aeroplane construction. It is silvery-white in color and is usually used as an alloy in other metals. In interior design, Magnesium is a construction element and not a decorative material. Magnesium oxide, which is the source of magnesium, is used to make heat resistant bricks for fireplaces and furnaces.

CHROMIUM

           Chromium is also very resistant to corrosion; it is used to coat ferrous metals. It can be applied over another metal as a thin layer to create a luminous finish. We see it used for plating various furniture and joinery hardware items as well as door furniture because of its bright appearance and resistance to abrasion. The refined, reflective quality of chrome makes it an eye-catching design material, especially when it comes to clean-lined, modern furnishings.
There are ways on how to apply chromium, the common one is the chrome plating.  Chrome reflects brighter, clearer, and with less distortion than other finishes, such as paint. For interior design it is mostly used in furniture, specifically, the chair.

TITANIUM

               Titanium is one the great metal; it is one of the most favored materials used for exteriors.  It is very durable and requires a little maintenance. It may be a lightweight material, but in terms of its sustainability, titanium requires a substantial energy to mine and manufacture but has a very long life, and does not release a toxic substance and it’s totally recyclable.
Although it’s favorably used on exteriors, titanium can also be used in interior applications such as the wall claddings, column covers, fascia and anywhere other sheet metal products might be used. However, it is disposed to scratching, fingerprints and surface stains. 


ZINC

           Zinc is a metal throughout the history on roofing, drain boards and table tops. Zinc naturally tarnishes and ages beautifully, uniform gray-blue color. Zinc is standard available in mill finish of reflective silver color or pre-weathered to a dull grayish blue. It can be polished, engraved, and colored using various techniques.
For interior application, zinc can be used in sheet form into countertop, backsplashes, paneling and wall claddings. 



REFRACTORY METALS

               Refractory metals are different. As a group they provide a number of unique characteristics – such as resistance to high heat, corrosion and wear – making them useful in a multitude of applications. However they are strong under extremely high temperatures and are innately hard, making these metals perfect for drilling and cutting tools. One of the primary elements of refractory metals is the tungsten; this metal is widely used in wire filaments, such as those in most of the incandescent lighting used in houses, but it is also common in industrial arc lamps and lighting



APPLICATION OF NON-FERROUS MATERIALS WITHIN USC-TALAMBAN CAMPUS



Windows of AF305, SAFAD made of
Aluminum 



Bulletin board of SAFAD Architecture Department made of
Aluminum 


SAFAD staircase made of 
Aluminum 


Door lock of AF207, SAFAD made of 
Chrome 


SAFAD railings made of
 Aluminum 


BIBLIOGRAPHY:
ARTICLES
Kitchen Cabinets Singapore. (2014). Pros & Cons On Aluminium Kitchen Cabinet. Retrieved from http://www.kitchencabinets.com.sg/blog/pros-and-cons-on-aluminium-kitchen-cabinet.html
It's Elemental - The Element Aluminum. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele013.html
Wade, J. (October 9). Copper and Interior Design. Retrieved from www.homeadvisorhomesource.com/copper-and-interior-design
Brandenburg, J. (2015, July 15). Brass Revival - Modern Interiors. Retrieved from www.designloversblog.com/design-and-decoration/brass-interior-design-trend/
Burgos, M. (n.d.). How to use “Silver” color for your Interior Design? |. Retrieved from http://www.manobluedesign.com/mbdesignblog/?p=1323
Gauthier, S. (2012, February 22). Master the Metallic Mix of Gold and Silver. Retrieved from http://www.houzz.com/ideabooks/1558402/list/master-the-metallic-mix-of-gold-and-silver
Brown, L. (n.d.). Non-ferrous Metals. Retrieved from www.interiordezine.com/finishes/non-ferrous-metals/
Lenntech. (n.d.). Lead (Pb) - Chemical properties, Health and Environmental effects. Retrieved from http://www.lenntech.com/periodic/elements/pb.htm
RSC. (n.d.). Magnesium - Element information, properties and uses | Periodic Table. Retrieved from http://www.rsc.org/periodic-table/element/12/magnesium
PHOTOS

ALUMINUM

Kitchen Cabinets Singapore. (204). Pros & Cons On Aluminium Kitchen Cabinet. Retrieved from http://www.kitchencabinets.com.sg/blog/pros-and-cons-on-aluminium-kitchen-cabinet.html
COPPER
Wade, J. (October 9). Copper and Interior Design. Retrieved from www.homeadvisorhomesource.com/copper-and-interior-design/
BRASS
Brandenburg, J. (2015, July 15). Brass Revival - Modern Interiors. Retrieved from www.designloversblog.com/design-and-decoration/brass-interior-design-trend/
SILVER
Archdigest. (2011, December). Polished Rooms with Furniture and Decor by Hervé Van der Straeten | AD DesignFile - Home Decorating Photos | Architectural Digest. Retrieved from http://designfile.architecturaldigest.com/gallery/herve-vander-straeten
CHROMIUM

Decorating with Chrome Furniture. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.decoist.com/2012-04-16/decorating-with-chrome-furniture/

4 Ways to Chrome Plate - wikiHow. (n.d.). Retrieved July 8, 2016, from http://www.wikihow.com/Chrome-Plate

LEAD

Morrigan, L. (2014, August 19). Lead Exposure Still Exists, And It's Harming Your Health | Leah Morrigan. Retrieved from http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/leah-morrigan/lead-exposure-health-risks_b_5512146.html
MAGNESIUM
Quadchemical. (n.d.). Magnesium Nitrate, Light Magnesium Carbonate, Other Magnesium Products | Quad Chemical - Virginia Beach, VA, USA. Retrieved from http://quadchemical.com/magnesium-molecule/

TTITANIUM AND ZINC
Ballast, D. (2013). Interior construction & detailing for designers & architects, issue 9425. Retrieved from www.ppi2pass.com
REFRACTORY METALS
Refractory Metals: Properties, Types and Applications. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.corrosionpedia.com/2/1426/corrosion-101/refractory-metals-properties-types-and-applications

TITANIUM

Titanium-Zinc wall tiles with metal effect INTERIEUR LINE by RHEINZINK Italia. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.archiproducts.com/en/products/6179/titanium-zinc-wall-tiles-with-metal-effect-interieur-line-rheinzink-italia.html

ZINC

Interior Applications |Metal Paneling|Zinc Kitchen Countertops - MetalTech-USA - Metal Fabricator and Distributor in Atlanta. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.metaltech-usa.com/interior-applications.htm

REFRACTORY METALS

Wednesday, June 29, 2016

WHAT ARE NON-FERROUS METALS

Non-Ferrous Metal (adj.)
        - not containing, including, or relating to iron
      - of or relating to metals other than iron (Merriam-Websters, 1828)





COMMON CHARACTERISTICS 

1. No Rust or Oxidation

          Due to non-ferrous metals not containing iron, they have higher resistance to rust and corrosion. The exposure of iron to oxygen and moisture for a long period of time creates a chemical reaction that results to iron oxide or also known as rust. This reaction is called oxidation. When iron undergoes oxidation, the oxygen combines with the metal at an atomic level, forming a new compound called an oxide and weakens the bond of metals.  (Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., , 2016)

2. Non-Magnetic

          There are appliances/products that do not function well when magnetic properties are present such as computers, electronics, and such. Because of the absence of iron, non-ferrous materials does not have any magnetic properties. This is why non-ferrous metals are often used in products that are involved with electricity, electromagnetism and such. Although, these metals are highly conductive.

3. Light Weight

          When a product does not require strength from carrying a weight, the light weight of a non-ferrous metal is often in a positive light. Non-ferrous metals are specified for structural applications requiring reduced weight, and higher strength.

4. Malleable

          The malleability of the metal is a greater potential to restructuring and making new metals. It still has good tensile strength even though it’s lighter.

 (Alton Headquarters, 2013)(Hanssen, 2014)




10 of NON-FERROUS MATERIALS


1. Aluminum
Characteristics: Lightweight, electrically- and thermally-conductive, corrosion resistant, and high reflective of infrared and visible radiation
Used in: Aircraft manufacture, window frames, and some kitchen ware, headlights, light fixtures, and many insulations

                                                                       (Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License, 2016)


2. Copper
Characteristics: High thermal and electrical conductivity; does not react when struck with another metal
Used in: Wiring, tubing, pipe work, transport and handling of items such as explosives, fuels, and flammable materials

(© Amara Living Ltd, 2016)





3. Brass
Characteristic: Combination of copper and zinc
Used in: Ornamental purposes,within electrical fittings, cartridge cases, piping and tubing
(Queensland Bead Company, 2016)




4. Silver
Characteristics: A natural substance but when mixed with copper, it creates a sterling silver
Used in: Jewelry, ornaments, soldering of different metals together, photographic films and papers, photochromatic lenses, brazing alloys and long-life batteries, and for medicinal purposes.
                                                (silver.com, n.d.)




5. Lead
Characteristics: Heavy and soft
Used in: Roofing, batteries, making of pipes 
 (Non Ferrous Metals Inc., 2015)


6. Magnesium
 Characteristics: Lightweight, derived primarily from seawater, very active metal
Used in: Alloying element in steels and in applications which require high strength-to-weight ratios, such as extension ladders, aircraft, space vehicles, power tools; medical use, fireworks
                                                (Castle Matels, 2012)


7. Chromium
Characteristics: Wear-resistant and corrosion-resistant
Used in: Decorative and corrosion-resistant coatings, and it is a major alloying element in many steels, especially stainless steels.
(Herbal Extract Company of North America, 2001-2011)

  


8. Titanium
Characteristics: Lightweight and strong
Used in: Aerospace industry which requires high strength under extreme conditions, the medical field for instruments and artificial joint replacements, and as a pigment in paints
                                                (Metalpedia, n.d.)


9. Zinc
Characteristics: Grayish coating
Used in: Plating material for steels (galvanized steel, nail, and sheet), die castings (such as die-cast children's toys, carburetor bodies, and pump housings), and as an alloying element in nonferrous metals; Zinc oxide is used in paints, glass, cements, and medicines (The Sterling Hill Mining Museum, 2008-2012)



10.  Refractory Metals
Characteristics: Have melting temperatures above 3600 degrees Fahrenheit (some of these approach 6200 degrees Fahrenheit ). They include such metals as iridium, osmium, and ruthenium, in addition to, chromium, columbium, hafnium, molybdenum, niobium, rhenium, tantalum, tungsten, and vanadium. 
Used in: Furnace components, high speed tools, temperature-measuring devices and components, aircraft components and space vehicle shields, and electrical devices such as capacitors and rectifiers. (EdgeTech Industries LLC, 2015)







Bibliography:

ARTICLES:

Nonferrous. (1887).            In Merriam-Webster’s Dictionary. Retrieved from http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/nonferrous  (Merriam-Websters, 1828)

Hanssen, H. (2016, September 29). Front Panel Pros. Retrieved from http://frontpanelpros.com/characteristics-non-ferrous-metals/ (Hanssen, 2014)

The difference between ferrous and non-ferrous scrap metal. (2013, March 12). Retrieved from http://www.altonmaterials.com/the-differences-between-ferrous-and-non-ferrous-scrap-metal/ (Alton Headquarters, 2013)

Rust. (2016).         In Wikipedia. Retrieved June 16, 2016, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rust ( Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., , 2016)

Ferrous and Non-Ferrous metal table. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.design-technology.org/CDT10metalsproperties.htm (htt)

Ferrous and Non-Ferrous Metal: Uses and Recycling. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.cjdecycling.com/ferrous-non-ferrous-metal-uses-recycling/ (CJD E-Cycling, n.d.)

Ferrous & Non-Ferrous Metals and their Uses. (2012, July 31). Retrieved from http://www.castlemetalseurope.com/blog/ferrous-nonferrous-metals-uses/ (Castle Matels, 2012)



ALL PHOTOS:

82 Pb lead metal [online image]. Retrieved March 05, 2016 from http://images-of-elements.com/lead.php (Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License, 2016

Silver [online image]. Retrieved 2016 from http://www.hsamuel.co.uk/webstore/jewellery/metalGuide/silver.cdo (H.SAMUEL Responsible jewellery council, n.d.)

 Argentini, G. (Photographer). (2015-2016).  Silver Woman Photography. [digital image]. Retrieved from http://www.fubiz.net/2015/03/04/silver-woman-photography/ (Daniella, 2015-2016)

Brass [online image]. Retrieved 2016 from http://www.queenslandbeadcompany.com.au/index.php?cPath=158 (Queensland Bead Company, 2016)

ALUMINUM
13 Al aluminium [online image]. Retrieved March 05, 2016 from http://images-of-elements.com/aluminium.php (Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License, 2016)


Dr. Edward. (2014, August 12). New Study Links Aluminum to Osteoporosis and Alzheimer’s Disease. Retrieved from http://www.globalhealingcenter.com/natural-health/new-study-links-aluminum-to-osteoporosis-and-alzheimers-disease/ (Edward, 2014)

Gray Loon. (n.d.). Aluminum Wheels. Retrieved from http://www.accuridewheelendsolutions.com/products/aluminum-wheels/ (Loon, n.d.)

COPPER 
Copper [online image]. Retrieved 2016 from https://www.amara.com/shop/serving-trays/copper-trays (© Amara Living Ltd, 2016)

Copper bands [online image]. Retrieved 2015 from https://masonjarlifestyle.com/product/copper-bands-rings-for-regular-mouth-mason-jars/ ( Mason Jar Lifestyle , 2015)

Carr, K. (2012-2016). What is Copper. Retrieved from http://quatr.us/chemistry/atoms/copper.htm (Carr, 2012-2016)

Maverick, T. (2014, August 26). Is Aluminum the New Copper. Retrieved from http://www.wallstreetdaily.com/2014/08/26/aluminum-replacing-copper/ (Maverick, 2014)

BRASS
Brass Material Information [online image]. Retrieved 2016 from http://www.shapeways.com/materials/brass (Shapeway Inc., 2016)

Brass, Pewter, Bronze Urns [online image]. Retrieved from http://www.jacksonvillepetcrematory.com/our-products/urns/urns-bronze/ (Jacksonville Pet Funeral Homes and Pet Crematory, n.d.)


SILVER 
Physical Gold and Silver [online image]. Retrieved from http://www.silver.com/ (silver.com, n.d.)

Cristie. (21, January 2016). Collecting guide: how to care for silver. Retrieved from http://www.christies.com/features/How-to-store-and-care-for-silver-6976-1.aspx (Cristie, 2016)

Ferre, E.C. (2005-2016). The Many Uses of Silver. Retrieved from http://geology.com/articles/uses-of-silver/ (Ferré, 2005-2016)

LEAD 
Non-Ferrous Metals [online image]. Retrieved 2015 from http://nfmetals.com/product-list/ (Non Ferrous Metals Inc., 2015)

Lead bay tops and finials [online image]. Retrieved from http://obrienleadfab.co.uk/lead-bay-tops.html
(obrienroofing.co., n.d.)

Extended-Run Pure Lead Batteries [online image]. Retrieved November 5, 2014 from http://mhlnews.com/powered-vehicles/extended-run-pure-lead-batteries-new-products (Penton, 2014)

CHROMIUM 
Chromium [online image]. Retrieved 2001-2011 from http://www.herbalextracts.net/library/supplements/chromium_uses.html (Herbal Extract Company of North America, 2001-2011)
  
TITANIUM
 Titanium [online image]. Retrieved from http://metalpedia.asianmetal.com/metal/titanium/application.shtml (Metalpedia, n.d.)

Uses of Zinc [online image]. Retrieved 2008-2012 from http://sterlinghillminingmuseum.org/education/zinc.php (The Sterling Hill Mining Museum, 2008-2012)

What Are the Different Uses of Galvanized Metal [online image]. Retrieved 2003- 2016 from http://www.wisegeek.com/what-are-the-different-uses-of-galvanized-metal.htm#comments (Conjecture Corporation, 2003-2016)
Refactory Metals [online image]. Retrieved 2015 from http://www.edge-techind.com/category/Refractory-Metals-16-1.html (EdgeTech Industries LLC, 2015)

Contributions:

Bulanon,A.: Wrote the article
Casas, C.: Proofread the article
Delos Reyes, M.: Cited the resources
Kabahar, T.: Created the account and blog
Lucmayon, A.: Collected the photos
Silao, D.: Collected the information